A few suggestions for journalists and bloggers
Now 'tis the season for writing pieces about "How we got into this crisis", apparently. Can I just suggest that the following two practices do not make you look as clever as you think they do? First, writing a laundry list of behavioural-economics tics and jargon terms, each followed by a speculative just-so story about how this might have made people create a bubble. Offenders on this one know who they are. And second, references to "naked puts", "short volatility" or worst of all, the appropriation of Andrew Lo's "Capital Decimation Partners" example.
At slightly more length on this one - Lo made good use of it in his book on hedge funds (which someone sent me a review copy of, but neglected to include a slip saying why they were sending me it or where I was meant to review it, so thanks but sorry). And his use of the example was sensible. But it was so damnably catchy that it's been appropriated by a lot of people who seem to think that it has much more explanatory value than it does, and particularly that it can be used to justify a whole lot of poor-man's-Nicholas-Taleb warblings about the nature of risk.
Look at it this way. An insurance policy is a put option and vice versa (viz; car insurance is the option to sell a wrecked car for the price of a new one; conversely a FTSE100 put with a strike of 5000 is an insurance policy against the FTSE falling below 5000). Any insurance company in the world is in the business of writing naked puts, and hoping to collect the premiums without having a catastrophic claims experience.
And every insurance company in the world (apart from a few oddball runoff situations which have more capital than total claims exposure) has a positive probability of ruin (which, via the gambler's ruin theorem, means a certainty of ruin in finite time). The Capital Decimation Partners example is just the rediscovery of the fact that an insurance portfolio has positive probability of ruin. Insurance is a very profitable business that sometimes blows up; ask Warren Buffet, who writes fucking loads of insurance (and particularly, more than a little bit of tail risk big ticket reinsurance).
I don't know what you think, but personally (and this is a criticism of Taleb's work too, on some occasions but not others) I think that if you've got a theory of finance which could be used to prove that all insurance everywhere is a mirage, a piece of financial charlatanry which can't possibly work, then you're not actually contributing much to the discussion. The point of Lo's CDP example was that he created a specific structure of put-writing which was reasonably well calibrated to some real-world hedge fund return series, and which blew up under particular conditions of interest. Stripping the example of its numbers and just using it as a general sermon on "oooh, those people, eh, they take risks they don't understaand!" is missing the point totally.
One can certainly argue about whether any particular risk-taking enterprise was under- or over- capitalised, under- or over-diversified, or for that matter whether its risks are usefully modelled by analogy to an insurance portfolio. But simply pointing out that an insurance office has positive probability of ruin, then sitting back stroking your chin and saying "see, that's what it's really all about! Time to ruin is finite! Why don't the policymakers do something about that!" is the sort of thing that will hurt your reputation with me for knowing what you're talking about. This is particularly irritating for me, as it's been used by a lot of people who should know better, as well as the usual run of suspects who had no credibility with me anyway.
Interesting post - particularly as it's just made me note the resemblances between the US bail-out plan and the Equitas/Lloyd's solution of the early 90s...
ReplyDeleteIf you ever have a corporate entertaining junket at Lloyd's, one of the tour guides is the man responsible for extracting cash from recaltirant Names. Some of his anecdotes are good for a bit of schadenfreude.
Mrs Digest was the Bank of England's liaison with Lloyd's and the DTI during the reconstruction & renewal period (this accounts for her cruch on Michael Heseltine) and you're right.
ReplyDeleteI can't remember - did Equitas require government money in the end, or did they Lloyd's manage to find enough spare coins down the back the sofa (and their Names' sofas[1]) to set it up?
ReplyDeleteBasically the Central Fund, plus a final contribution from the Names. Pretty sure no public money went in.
ReplyDeleteI thought there were three problems with hedge funds generally:
ReplyDelete1) They're highly leveraged in a way which increases the risk of failure.
2) Their risk models have a tendency to underestimate how much risk they are actually exposed to (I guess this is the Taleb via Mandelbroit criticism).
3) They tend to have very unbalanced portfolios, as opposed to somebody like Buffet (who is very suspicious of Hedge funds), who presumably insures a range of different risks, thus reducing the chance that he will be exposed to massive claims (and that if he is, simple physical survival will probably be a greater concern, than maintaining his financial empire).
Mind you, you could say the same about some of these buy to let empires.
Is this wrong then? I agree that saying a strategy will blow up in the long run is stupid. You could make the same criticism of most businesses.
My personal view is that it's more or less impossible to say anything worthwhile about "hedge funds" - it's such a general category.
ReplyDelete"it's more or less impossible to say anything worthwhile about "hedge funds"
ReplyDeleteNice hedge.
With D2 on 'hedge fund' as a basically meaningless term.
ReplyDeleteReading Buffett's annual whatnot to BRK shareholders obviously doesn't make me any more than the most amateurish of amateurs, but there's clearly a difference between the kind of reinsurance book that he viscerally understands and the kind of all-pile-on stuff that happens when one desk in one institution discovers a BIG MONEY transaction on the upswing of a bubble. You can spit in Taleb's face and still say that if you're driven by pursuit of quarterlies that 'beat the market' in a way that BRK seems to have avoided by sheer momentum, then it's essentially a case of who jumps off the train at that point where taking another quarter of profits means you hit the fucking buffers.
Also, is there irony in the fact that Swiss Re (aka 20 St Mary Axe, aka Gherkin) is built on the site of somewhere that done got blowed up by the IRA, which, frankly, is the sort of thing that's hard to insure against?
Or, to put it another way, are we dealing in a psychological sense with that old bullshitting point about when to jump in the air when the lift is plummetting to the bottom of the shaft?
ReplyDeleteSee, I think we're actually in the Rosencrantz and Guildenstern situation -- "There must have been a moment, at the beginning, where we could have said -- no. But, somehow we missed it. Well, we'll know better next time." But that's because I'm a twattish literary type about it.
"hedge fund" is meaningless for another reason - it used to mean that the fund hedged its investments in order to separate out alpha (the gain due to the performance of a single stock) from beta (the movement of the market in general). But a lot of hedge funds don't do that now - they follow all sorts of different strategies - and "hedge fund" now just means "large, lightly regulated investment fund".
ReplyDeleteCalling them hedge funds is like talking about dialling a telephone number or a scene from a film ending up on the cutting room floor.
Or saying "what's on the other side?".
ReplyDeleteMeanwhile can I be the first with the gag about the pointless black-and-white space below that paragraph?
ReplyDeleteI read your piece on CT outlining why you can't comment on the "crisis", which was all fair enough and it was an honest and thoughful piece.
ReplyDeleteIn the comments there was a long debate about the value/virtue of working as a stock broker. The allocating capital argument was rolled out, which is perfectly understandable. The arugment about being a price setter is a little more dubious given the current circs, but that's for another day.
However, given the current shit storm one can't help but feel that a serious market failure has occurred in the allocation of so much human capital to the job of allocating capital/pricing stuff.I sometimes wonder what the opportunity cost to all the growth in the financial sector has been? So many bright and talented people, often the brightest and most talented, all working to allocate capital? On a conceptual level it sounds fucking bonkers.
If there is a silver lining to the severe haircut the City is about to receive, it may be that the brightest and best start thinking about other careers such as teaching, civil service, research, engineering, starting a business.
Agreed on your general comments.
ReplyDeleteThe way to make serious money running a HF is to pretend that your three-sigma event is actually a 12-sigma event, and that your time to ruin is on the order of one thousand years rather than the 3 to 7 years you are actually running.
I would bet even odds that the total trading profits of the entire HF industry in the last ten years (ex-cash returns) will be a large negative number by the end of this year. About half of which has been paid out to the managers in fees.